A1 and A2 milk

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Context:

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has directed food businesses and e-commerce platforms to remove claims of 'A1' and 'A2' types of milk and milk products from their packaging.

What are A1 and A2 types of milk?

• According to FSSAI, the distinction between A1 and A2 milk is based on the structure of beta-casein protein in milk, which varies depending on the breed of the cow.
  • • More than 80 per cent of all proteins in cow’s milk belong to a class called caseins.
• Among these, beta-caseins are the second largest component.
• A1 and A2 are basically two genetic variants of beta-caseins, differing from each other in their amino acid sequence.
• A1 contains histidine, one of the nine essential amino acids which the body uses to produce histamine, the chemical that enables the body to regulate its reaction to inflammation and allergies.
• A2 contains proline, a non-essential amino acid which is an essential component of collagen and important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.
  • • Milk from different cow breeds have differing quantities of A1 and A2 beta-caseins.
• Most milk contains both these beta-caseins, but A2 milk contains only the second one.
• Generally, milk and milk products which are branded as A2 tend to be charged at a premium, and considered healthier.

Why is FSSAI against milk classification?

• The regulator pointed out that current FSSAI regulations do not recognize this distinction.
• As a result, food business operators (FBOs) have been instructed to remove such claims from their products.

Aspect	Details
Comparison of A2 Milk and Regular Milk	Some studies suggest A2 milk may be healthier, but consensus is lacking.
Studies on A1 vs. A2 Milk	A 2012 study suggested links between A1 beta-caseins and health issues such as type-1 diabetes and coronary heart disease.
Current Evidence	Most findings are based on in vitro and animal studies with limited, poorly designed clinical trials.
FSSAI’s August 21 Advisory	Advisory was due to FSSAI standards not recognizing A1 vs. A2 differentiation, not based on scientific evidence.
Action by FSSAI	Directed removal of A1 and A2 claims from product labels due to non-recognition in current standards.
Global Trends	In countries like the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, A1 and A2 milk are marketed separately due to potential digestion differences.

Benefits of  A1 and A2 Milk:

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/explained-fssai-advisory-a1-a2-milk-9537796/ 

PRACTICE QUESTION Q. Discuss the scientific and regulatory perspectives on A1 and A2 milk. Analyze the potential health implications of consuming A1 versus A2 milk. Evaluate the adequacy of current regulatory standards in addressing these concerns.