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CHLOROPICRIN

8th May, 2024

CHLOROPICRIN

Source: Hindu

Disclaimer: Copyright infringement not intended.

Context

  • The U.S. State Department accused Russia of having used a chemical weapon against Ukrainian forces in violation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, while also announcing fresh sanctions against Moscow.

Details

  • It was first utilized as a poison gas during World War I by both Allied and Central Powers.
  • Sanctions: The U.S. has imposed sanctions targeting entities involved in Russia's military and industrial capabilities, including those related to chemical and biological weapons programs.
  • Previous incidents involving chemical substances, such as the poisoning of Sergei Skripal and Alexei Navalny, have raised concerns and prompted investigations into Russia's chemical weapons activities.

Chloropicrin

  • Chemical Name: Trichloronitromethane
  • Chemical Formula: CCl3NO2
  • Other Names: Nitrochloroform, Nitromethane trichloride
  • Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow liquid with a pungent odor resembling tear gas.

Production:

  • Chloropicrin is typically synthesized through the reaction of chloroform (CHCl3) with nitric acid (HNO3) in the presence of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or reaction of sodium hypochlorite with nitromethane.
  • It's produced on an industrial scale primarily for its use as a pesticide, fumigant, and chemical intermediate.

Uses:

  • Pesticide: Chloropicrin is widely used as a soil fumigant to control a broad spectrum of pests, including nematodes, fungi, insects, and weeds.
  • Chemical Intermediate: It serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds.
  • Tear Gas: Historically, it has been employed as a riot control agent and in military applications due to its severe irritant properties.

Mode of Action:

  • Fumigant: Chloropicrin acts as a potent biocide by interfering with vital metabolic processes in pests, leading to their death.
  • Irritant: Its pungent odor and ability to induce severe irritation in the respiratory system and eyes make it an effective deterrent against pests and rioters.

Health and Safety Considerations:

  • Toxicity: Chloropicrin is highly toxic and can cause severe health effects upon exposure, including respiratory distress, skin irritation, eye damage, and in high doses, even death.
  • It is highly carcinogenic, capable of inducing vomiting, which can lead to further inhalation of the gas.
  • Handling Precautions: Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) and handling procedures are crucial when working with chloropicrin to prevent exposure.
  • Environmental Impact: It is classified as an environmental hazard due to its toxicity to aquatic organisms and potential to contaminate soil and groundwater.

Must read articles:

CWC

Sources:

Hindu

PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.  The accusations against Russia regarding the use of chloropicrin and tear gas in Ukraine underscore the importance of transparency and trust-building efforts to address concerns and mitigate the risks associated with chemical agents in conflict situations. Comment. (250 words)