FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Source: NDTV

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Context

Fungal infections are evolving and becoming resistant to the medicines used to treat them, causing what some researchers are calling a "silent pandemic" that needs to be addressed urgently. 

Read about Diseases and its types: https://www.iasgyan.in/blogs/diseases-and-its-types

What Are Fungi?

These organisms belonging to Kingdom fungi possess cell walls and are omnipresent. They have such special characteristics, such as digestion externally and the ability to develop symbiotic associations with the plants.

They range from microscopic yeasts to giant mushrooms. There are about 5.1 million species found worldwide. Fungi are heterotrophic. That is, they cannot produce their own food; hence, they need organic matter for food.

Biology

Fungi contain cells that have nucleus. Thus, they are classified under eukaryotic. Its structure include:

1. Hyphae: These are thread-like structures that absorb nutrients.
2. Mycelium: This is a network of hyphae that forms the body of most fungi.
3. Spores: Reproductive units that are dispersed into the environment for propagation.

Fungi reproduce through both sexual and asexual means.

Ecology

Fungi are critical decomposers in ecosystems, breaking down dead organic matter. They also form mutualistic relationships with plants (e.g., mycorrhizae) to enhance nutrient uptake.  Some fungi are parasitic. 

Uses

Fungi like yeast play a key role in baking, brewing, and cheesemaking. Antibiotics like penicillin are derived from fungi. Fungi are also used in developing immunosuppressants and cholesterol-lowering drugs. In biotechnology, fungi are used in waste management and biofuel production​.

Fungal infections 

Fungal infections (mycoses) are caused by various types of fungi. They range from mild, superficial infections to more severe, invasive conditions. These infections can affect the skin, nails, respiratory system, or other organs. Fungi thrive in warm, moist environments. 

Types 

Superficial/Cutaneous Infections

• Athlete’s Foot affects the feet, especially between the toes, causing itching, redness, and peeling.

• Ringworm can affect any part of the body and leads to red, scaly patches. 

• Onychomycosis affects the nails, causing them to become thick, yellow, and brittle.

• Candidiasis is caused by Candida species. It affects the mouth, genitals, or skin folds.

Invasive/Deep Fungal Infections

• Histoplasmosis is a respiratory infection caused by Histoplasma.  It affects the lungs and spreads to other organs in severe cases. It’s common in regions with rich soil.

• Aspergillosis is caused by the mold Aspergillus.

• Candidemia is a severe bloodstream infection caused by Candida species.

• Mucormycosis is a rare, serious infection caused by molds that typically affects the sinuses, lungs, or brain. 

Causes and Risk Factors

• Dermatophytes: These fungi live on keratin (skin, hair, nails) and spread through contact with infected people, animals, or contaminated surfaces​.
• Some fungi like Histoplasma and Aspergillus are found in soil or decaying vegetation and can be inhaled.
• Weakened Immune System.

Sources: NDTV

PRACTICE QUESTION Q:Consider the following statements: 1.Some mushrooms have medicinal properties. 2.Some mushrooms have psycho- active properties. 3.Some mushrooms have insecticidal properties. 4.Some mushrooms have bioluminescent properties. How many of the above statements are correct? (UPSC CSE 2023) A) Only one B) Only two C) Only three D) All four Answer: D Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Several mushrooms are known for their medicinal benefits. For example, Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) is known for its immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory properties, while Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus) is used for improving cognitive function. Statement 2 is correct: Certain mushrooms, such as Psilocybin mushrooms (also called "magic mushrooms"), contain compounds that can cause psychoactive effects, altering perception, mood, and consciousness. Statement 3 is correct: Some fungi, including mushrooms like Beauveria bassiana, are used as biological insecticides. They infect and kill insects, making them useful in pest control. Statement 4 is correct: Several mushrooms, like Mycena chlorophos and Panellus stipticus, exhibit bioluminescence, meaning they can emit light in the dark.