GLOBAL SOUTH SUMMIT 2024

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Context: The 3rd Voice of Global South Summit, hosted by India on August 17, 2024, is a significant event aimed at uniting countries from the Global South. 

Background of the Summit ●The Voice of the Global South Summit was launched by India to provide a platform for countries in the Global South to express their shared perspectives and address common challenges. ●The initiative aims to create a unified voice that can better advocate for the interests of developing nations in global forums. ●The previous summits, held in January 2023 and November 2023, successfully brought together over 100 countries each time, allowing them to present their concerns and suggestions, which were then reflected in the G-20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration.

Analysis of the 3rd Voice of the Global South Summit 2024

• The 3rd Voice of the Global South Summit (VOGS) 2024, hosted by India, marked a significant moment for 123 developing countries (China and Pakistan were not invited) as they came together to address global governance issues.
• This summit builds on the vision of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's philosophy of ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas aur Sabka Prayas’ and India’s principle of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (the world is one family).
• The theme for the 2024 summit is “An Empowered Global South for a Sustainable Future.” This theme highlights the ongoing and critical issues faced by developing countries, such as conflicts, food and energy security crises, and climate change.
  • • Developing countries are often hit hardest by climate change impacts like severe droughts and floods, which disrupt agriculture and water supplies. This summit aims to address such issues with collective action and innovative solutions.

What Was Discussed?

Unified Voice for Developing Countries	●Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the need for developing countries to present a united front at the upcoming UN Summit of the Future in September 2024. He believes that a united voice is crucial for influencing global policies and ensuring that the needs of developing nations are adequately addressed. ●During previous global summits, fragmented voices from developing countries often resulted in diluted outcomes. By uniting, these nations hope to strengthen their bargaining power and ensure their concerns are adequately represented.
Reforming Global Governance	●The PM called for a reform of global governance structures to make them more inclusive and fair. ●He highlighted the necessity for global institutions to prioritize the Global South and reduce the disparity between developed and developing countries. ●India’s push for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council symbolizes the kind of reform being advocated. The goal is to ensure that decisions affecting global peace and security reflect the interests of a broader range of nations.
Global Development Compact	●India announced a $3.5 million fund to support a “Global Development Compact.” This initiative aims to enhance trade, build capacity, and share technology among developing countries. This funding is also intended to provide training for trade negotiations. ●This move echoes past successful initiatives like the African Union’s trade facilitation efforts, which have helped African countries improve their trade practices and economic development.
Addressing Immediate Concerns	●The summit addressed pressing global issues, such as ongoing conflicts and humanitarian crises. For example, the conflict in Gaza and its devastating impact on civilians was a significant concern raised by participants. ●The Gaza conflict, with over 40,000 casualties reported, highlights the urgent need for effective global governance mechanisms that can address such crises more efficiently.
Critique of UN’s Current Structure	●The Foreign Ministers’ session, led by India’s External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, critiqued the UN for its lack of progress in reforming multilateralism. There were references to the UN being like George Orwell’s "Animal Farm," where some countries have more influence than others. ●This critique is relevant given the ongoing debates about the effectiveness of the UN Security Council, where permanent members often hold disproportionate power compared to other member states.

The summit features ten Ministerial Sessions, each focusing on different critical areas:

• Health Ministers’ Session: “One World-One Health” emphasizes the need for a unified approach to global health challenges, such as pandemics.
• Youth Ministers’ Session: “Youth Engagement for a Better Future” highlights the role of young people in driving sustainable development.
• Commerce/Trade Ministers’ Session: “Trade for Development - Perspectives from Global South” discusses how trade policies can support economic growth in developing countries.
• Information & Technology Ministers’ Session: “DPIs for Development - A Global South Approach” focuses on how digital public infrastructure (DPI) can aid development.
• Finance Ministers’ Session: “People-Centric Approach to Global Finance” aims to make global financial systems more inclusive.
• Foreign Ministers’ Session: “Charting a Unique Paradigm for Global South” explores how developing countries can create a new framework for global interactions.
• 2nd Foreign Ministers’ Session: “Global South and Global Governance” addresses the need for reform in global governance structures.
• Energy Ministers’ Session: “Sustainable Energy Solutions for a Sustainable Future” explores renewable energy solutions.
• Education Ministers’ Session: “Prioritizing Human Resource Development: A Global South Perspective” emphasizes the importance of education for development.
• Environment Ministers’ Session: “Pathways for Progress - A Global South Perspective on Mitigating Climate Change” looks at strategies for combating climate change.

Significance of this Summit

Strengthening Collaboration	●The summit encourages greater collaboration among Global South countries. By sharing resources and strategies, these nations can tackle common issues more effectively. ●Collaborative projects, like regional trade agreements or joint research initiatives on climate resilience, can provide mutual benefits and strengthen regional ties.
Advocating for Reform	●The discussions on global governance reform reflect a growing call for a more equitable international system. ●Developing countries are advocating for changes that would ensure fairer representation and more support in global decision-making processes. ●The call for an expanded UN Security Council to include more representatives from the Global South reflects a push for more balanced global governance.
Addressing Development Challenges	●The summit’s focus on specific areas, such as health, education, and energy, aims to provide practical solutions for development challenges faced by the Global South. By addressing these issues in a targeted manner, the summit seeks to improve overall quality of life and economic prospects. ●Initiatives discussed in the “Health Ministers’ Session” could lead to improved healthcare access and disease prevention strategies, benefiting populations in developing countries.

Understanding the Global South

• The term "Global South" is often used to describe a diverse group of countries that share certain socio-economic and historical characteristics. While the term might sound like it refers to countries in the southern hemisphere, it includes nations across the globe.
  • • For example, Countries like India and China are considered part of the Global South despite their significant economic growth, while Australia and New Zealand, despite being in the southern hemisphere, are not included.
• The Brandt Line, proposed by former German Chancellor Willy Brandt in the 1980s, serves as a visual aid to understand the North-South divide based on economic development rather than latitude.

 

The Global South: A Historical Perspective ●The concept of the Global South emerged in the latter half of the 20th century, during the decolonization era. ●Countries that were once colonies began to assert their independence and demand a greater say in global governance. This movement was not just about gaining political freedom but also about achieving economic and social justice on the world stage. ●The Global South countries advocated for decolonization, democratization, and equitable development, aiming to restructure international institutions to better reflect their interests and realities.

The Global South and the G77

• The Global South is commonly associated with the Group of 77 (G77) at the United Nations, a coalition of 134 developing countries. This group includes many nations that were once colonized and are currently still developing.
• The G77 includes countries like Brazil, South Africa, and Indonesia, which are considered part of the Global South due to their developmental challenges and historical experiences.
• The G77 is not a perfect representation of the Global South but is a widely recognized collection of such nations.

The United Nations does not use the term "Global South" officially, but lists 181 jurisdictions as developing and 67 as developed. This classification helps in understanding which countries are generally considered part of the Global South.

Key Characteristics of the Global South

• Economic Development: Countries in the Global South are often characterized by lower levels of industrialization, income inequality, and higher rates of poverty. For example, while India has a booming tech industry, it still faces significant challenges in poverty reduction and infrastructure development.
• Historical Context: Many countries in the Global South were former colonies and were dealing with the legacies of colonialism, such as economic exploitation and political instability. This history has shaped their development paths and continues to impact their current policies.
• Social Challenges: Issues such as inadequate healthcare, limited access to quality education, and high rates of unemployment are common in the Global South. For example, despite significant progress in improving educational access, many rural areas in countries like Zambia still struggle with educational disparities.

Why is the Global South Important?

• Population and Markets: The Global South accounts for a vast majority of the world's population. This demographic significance makes it an important market for global trade and investment. For example, India and China are not only major players in global trade but also central to global supply chains.
• Geopolitical Influence: As countries in the Global South continue to develop, their geopolitical influence grows. This shift is evident in forums like the BRICS summit, where Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa discuss global economic and political strategies.
• Global Challenges: Many global issues, such as climate change, health pandemics, and economic inequality, disproportionately affect the Global South. Addressing these issues requires the active participation and perspectives of these countries.

Relevance of 'Global South'

Economic Influence

• Emerging Markets: The Global South is home to some of the world's fastest-growing economies. Countries like India, China, and Brazil are expanding rapidly, influencing global trade and investment.
  • • For example, China’s economic rise has made it a major player in global manufacturing and technology, impacting economies worldwide.
• Resource Richness: Many Global South countries have abundant natural resources. For example, the Democratic Republic of Congo has vast mineral resources like cobalt and copper, crucial for tech industries globally. Similarly, Brazil is a major exporter of agricultural products like soybeans and coffee.

Political and Diplomatic Power

• Collective Voice: In international forums like the United Nations, countries from the Global South often unite to push for fairer global policies. This collective stance can shape discussions on issues like trade, climate change, and development aid. For example, during climate negotiations at the Paris Climate Treaty 2015, the Global South frequently advocates for more support for climate adaptation and mitigation.
• Non-Aligned Movement: Historically, many Global South nations were part of the Non-Aligned Movement, seeking to stay independent of major power blocs during the Cold War. This tradition of non-alignment influences their foreign policies today, focusing on balanced relationships rather than alignment with major powers.

Social and Cultural Impact

• Diverse Cultures: The Global South is rich in cultural diversity, with a multitude of languages, traditions, and practices. This diversity enriches global culture and promotes cross-cultural understanding. For example, the vibrant festivals of India, such as Diwali and Holi, attract global attention and promote cultural exchange.
• Youth Demographics: Many Global South countries have youthful populations. For example, over half of Africa's population is under 25. This demographic can drive innovation and economic growth if given the right educational and employment opportunities.

Environmental and Climate Leadership

• Climate Vulnerability: Countries in the Global South are often on the frontline of climate change, experiencing severe impacts despite having lower carbon emissions. For example, Pacific island nations face existential threats from rising sea levels. Their experiences highlight the urgent need for global climate action.
• Sustainable Practices: Some Global South nations are leading the way in sustainable development. Costa Rica, for example, has made significant strides in renewable energy, sourcing over 99% of its electricity from renewable sources.

Challenges and Opportunities ●Developmental Challenges: Despite their potential, many Global South countries grapple with issues like poverty, inequality, and inadequate infrastructure. For example, rural areas in countries like India and Kenya often lack basic amenities like reliable electricity and clean water, which can hinder development. ●Global Partnerships: Strengthening relationships between Global South and Global North nations can lead to more balanced global development. Collaborative projects in education, healthcare, and infrastructure can benefit both sides, promoting mutual growth and stability.

India’s Role in the Global South

• India has long been a key player in advocating for the Global South. From the early days of its independence, India has used its position in international forums like the United Nations to highlight the concerns of developing nations.
• India's democratic polity, rich cultural heritage, and non-violent freedom struggle have made it a natural leader in this regard. Many countries in the Global South see India as a role model and a voice for their shared struggles and aspirations.
• Over the years, India's position on the global stage has evolved significantly. Once seen as a developing nation with limited capabilities, India has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies.
  • • This economic growth has been accompanied by an increase in India's international engagements and its role as a "rule-shaper" in global governance.
    • India's strategic autonomy and its ability to navigate complex geopolitical landscapes have made it a crucial player in global affairs.
• One of the most significant initiatives during India's G20 presidency has been the "Voice of the Global South Summit" held in January 2023. This virtual summit brought together 125 countries from the Global South to discuss their priorities and perspectives on various global issues.
  • • The summit's theme, "Unity of Voice, Unity of Purpose," emphasized the need for collective action and solidarity among developing nations.
    • During the summit, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a global agenda of "4Rs"—Respond, Recognize, Respect, and Reform.
      • This agenda aims to respond to the priorities of the Global South, recognize the principle of "Common but Differentiated Responsibilities," respect the sovereignty of all nations, and reform international institutions to make them more relevant and inclusive.

Key initiatives by India to further amplify the voice of the Global South ●Global South Center of Excellence: This centre conducts research on development solutions and best practices from Global South countries. ●Global South Science and Technology Initiative: India shares its expertise in space technology and nuclear energy with other developing countries. ●Aarogya Maitri Project: This project aims to provide essential medical supplies to developing countries affected by natural disasters or humanitarian crises. ●Global South Young Diplomats Forum: This forum helps synergize the diplomatic voice of the Global South. ●Global South Scholarships: These scholarships are available to students from developing countries to pursue higher education in India.

Key Challenges in the Global South

Economic Inequality

• While some Global South countries have experienced significant economic growth, the benefits are often unevenly distributed.
  • • For example, India has seen a rapid rise in GDP, but the gap between the rich and poor has widened. Many people still live in poverty, lacking access to basic needs like food, education, and healthcare.
• Economic inequality can lead to social unrest, limit opportunities for millions, and stifle overall national progress.

Climate Change

• The Global South is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Countries like Bangladesh and island nations in the Pacific face rising sea levels, while others, like parts of Africa, struggle with droughts and extreme weather.
• These environmental challenges threaten food security, livelihoods, and the very survival of communities.

Health Issues

• Access to healthcare remains limited in many parts of the Global South. Countries such as Nigeria and India still battle high rates of diseases like malaria and tuberculosis. The COVID-19 pandemic further exposed weaknesses in healthcare systems.
• Poor health outcomes hinder economic development and reduce life expectancy, trapping people in a cycle of poverty.

Political Instability

• Many Global South countries, such as Venezuela and South Sudan, experience political turmoil and conflict. Corruption, weak institutions, and authoritarian governance are common issues.
• Political instability discourages investment, disrupts daily life, and can lead to violence and displacement.

Infrastructure Deficits

• Inadequate infrastructure, like poor roads, unreliable electricity, and limited internet access, is a significant barrier to development. For instance, in many rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, transportation and communication networks are underdeveloped.
• Without proper infrastructure, countries cannot fully participate in the global economy, and citizens cannot access essential services.

Way Forward

Economic Diversification and Inclusive Growth

• Diversifying economies beyond traditional sectors like agriculture and mining is crucial. For example, Rwanda has invested in technology and services, reducing its dependence on agriculture.
• Policies promoting inclusive growth, where everyone benefits from economic development, are essential.
• Diversification makes economies more resilient to shocks and ensures that more people share in the benefits of growth.

Climate Action and Sustainability

• Countries can invest in renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, to reduce their carbon footprint and create jobs. Morocco, for example, has become a leader in solar energy in Africa.
• This not only helps mitigate the effects of climate change but also builds a sustainable future.

Strengthening Healthcare Systems

• Investing in healthcare infrastructure, training medical staff, and improving access to medicines are critical steps. Countries like Cuba have excelled in healthcare despite limited resources by focusing on primary care and prevention.
• Strong healthcare systems lead to healthier populations, which in turn supports economic development.

Promoting Political Stability and Good Governance

• Building strong, transparent institutions and promoting democratic governance are vital. Botswana is often cited as an example of good governance in Africa, with stable institutions and low levels of corruption.
• Political stability attracts investment, promote development, and improves the quality of life for citizens.

Infrastructure Development

• Investing in infrastructure projects is crucial. China’s Belt and Road Initiative, while controversial, has significantly improved infrastructure in many Global South countries, providing better roads, ports, and railways.
• Improved infrastructure connects markets, facilitates trade, and enhances access to services.

Education and Skill Development

• Enhancing education systems and focusing on skill development, particularly in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), is essential. For example, India’s focus on education has helped it become a global leader in IT services.
• Educated and skilled populations are better equipped to innovate, adapt, and contribute to economic growth.

Conclusion

• The 3rd Voice of the Global South Summit serves as a crucial platform for developing countries to voice their concerns, propose solutions, and collaborate on global challenges. By addressing key issues such as climate change, health, and economic development, the summit aims to develop a more equitable and sustainable global environment. Through collective action and focused discussions, the Global South seeks to enhance its role in shaping a better future for all.

Source:

The Hindu

Ministry of External Affairs

Hindustan Times

Apnews

Economictimes

Commons Library

PRACTICE QUESTION Q. Despite the growing economic and political influence of the Global South, many countries within the region still feel underrepresented in global governance structures. How can the Global South effectively advocate for its interests and ensure equitable participation in international decision-making?