Hayabusa2 | UPSC Current Affairs

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Context

Japan’s explorer Hayabusa2 has made an exciting discovery on the asteroid Ryugu. Samples that the mission collected from here are rich in organic molecules, which could serve as the building blocks of life.

Hayabusa2

Hayabusa2 is an asteroid sample-return mission operated by the Japanese state space agency JAXA. It is a successor to the Hayabusa mission, which returned asteroid samples for the first time in June 2010.
Hayabusa2 was launched on 3 December 2014 and rendezvoused in space with near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu on 27 June 2018.
It surveyed the asteroid for a year and a half and took samples. It left the asteroid in November 2019 and returned the samples to Earth on 5 December 2020 UTC.
Its mission has now been extended through at least 2031, when it will rendezvous with the small, rapidly-rotating asteroid 1998 KY26.
Hayabusa2 carried multiple science payloads for remote sensing and sampling, and four small rovers to investigate the asteroid surface and analyze the environmental and geological context of the samples collected.

Asteroids

Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the Sun, much smaller than planets. They are also called minor planets. According to NASA, there are 994,383 known asteroids, the remnants from the formation of the solar system over 4.6 billion years ago.
Asteroids are divided into three classes. First are those found in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, which is estimated to contain somewhere between 1.1-1.9 million asteroids.
The second group is that of trojans, which are asteroids that share an orbit with a larger planet. NASA reports the presence of Jupiter, Neptune and Mars trojans. In 2011, they reported an Earth trojan as well.
The third classification is Near-Earth Asteroids (NEA), which have orbits that pass close to the Earth. Those that cross the Earth’s orbit are called Earth-crossers. More than 10,000 such asteroids are known, out of which over 1,400 are classified as potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs).

Ryugu

Ryugu is also classified as a PHA and was discovered in 1999 and was given the name by the Minor Planet Center in 2015.
It is 300 million kilometres from Earth and it took Hayabusa-2 over 42 months to reach it.

Findings from the recently collected sample

Collected in February 2019, the specimens reached Earth in December 2020.
NASA found a large number of these “prebiotic organics" in just a 30-milligram sample.
The team found that the specimens contained several such carbon-based compounds which can not only be formed without the involvement of living beings but are, in fact, essential to the development of life.
These prebiotic organics include a variety of amino acids used by living things to build essential proteins. One theory suggests that these ingredients, necessary for the development of life, were delivered to the early Earth via meteorites and asteroids.
The present findings add another layer of credibility to this theory. The finds from Ryugu are consistent with discoveries from carbon-rich meteorites.
It presents interesting possibilities, too. Since these heavenly bodies are often travelling around in space, they could have delivered life-creating essentials not just to the Earth, but to other planets as well.

Final Thought

This latest research marks the first organic analysis of the Ryugu sample. The specimen itself will be the subject of critical studies for a long time to come.

PRACTICE QUESTION

Q) Which of the following statements is/are correct?

a. Hayabusa2 is an asteroid sample-return mission operated by NASA.

b. Hayabusa2 was launched on 3 December 2014 and rendezvoused in space with asteroid Bennu in 2018.

I. Only a

II. Only b

III. Both a and b

IV. Neither a nor b

Answer: Option IV