MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE (MSP)

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Context

There needs to be a serious re-look at the way the government currently provides Minimum Support Price (MSP) to the farmers, and the government should reduce intervention in agriculture said Ramesh Chand (member Niti Aayog).

Sectors with minimum Govt. intervention

Allied sectors -- fishery, dairy and livestock -- of agriculture having minimum government intervention are growing at the fastest rate. There was a 10 per cent growth rate was seen in the fishery in the last eight year.
Within agri crops, non-MSP crops and horticultural crops have grown much faster than others. Given this, what is likely to emerge in future is, sarkari crops (MSP-fixed crops) versus bajaari (commercial) crops.

Observations made by NITI Aayog member and others

The minimum support price on agri crops should continue as long as markets become competitive and efficient, but it should be given through means other than procurement.
Deficiency price payments (DPP) is a better alternative to the existing procurement based MSP structure. Under DPP, the difference between the open market price and MSP is given to farmers

Note: Madhya Pradesh had experimented with the system earlier while Haryana is currently in the process of rolling it out for certain commodities.

Caution: MSP can be given through the DPP method but it cannot be stopped once it is implemented
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Deputy Director (global growth and opportunities) said FPOs should not always depend on government support to become successful and should become self-reliant. Currently, FPOs (Farmer Producer Organisations) are facing working capital issues and there is a need to address this issue by getting private investments.

MSP

The Minimum Support Price or the MSP is commonly known as the way of protecting the farmers in India from the uncertainties of the markets as well as those of the natural kind.
A ‘safety net’ for the farmers, the MSP is the core of the agricultural revolution that saw India transforming from a food-deficient to a food-surplus nation.

When was the MSP introduced in India?

At the time of Independence, India was staring at a major deficit in terms of cereal production. After the struggling first decade, India decided to go for extensive agricultural reforms. It was the first time in the year 1966-67 that the Minimum Support Price was introduced by the Centre. At Rs 54 per quintal, the MSP for wheat was fixed for the first time.

What was the need of introducing MSP?

On the path of the Green Revolution, Indian policymakers realized that the farmers needed incentives to grow food crops.
Otherwise, they won’t opt for crops such as wheat and paddy as they were labour-intensive and didn’t fetch lucrative prices. Hence, to incentivize the farmers and boost production, the MSP was introduced in the 1960s.

Calculating MSP

Since 2009, the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices fixes the MSP of a crop based on:

Cost of production
Demand
Supply
Price fluctuations
Market price trends
Different costs and
International market prices

8. Agricultural wage rate

How the Govt. decides on the MSP?

In India, there are two major cropping seasons, namely ‘Rabi’ and ‘Kharif’.
The government announces the MSP at the start of each cropping season.
The MSP is decided after the government exhaustively studies the major points made by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices.
These recommendations are based on some pre-fixed formulae. This includes the actual cost incurred, implicit family labour as well as fixed assets or rent paid by the farmers.
In technical terms, these variables are called A2, FL and C2. The MSP is calculated by the government by often adding all these.

How many crops are covered under the MSP?

Government announces minimum support prices (MSPs) for 22 mandated crops and fair and remunerative price (FRP) for sugarcane:
Cereals (7) – paddy, wheat, barley, jowar, bajra, maize and ragi
Pulses (5) – gram, arhar/tur, moong, urad and lentil
Oilseeds (8) – groundnut, rapeseed/mustard, toria, soybean, sunflower seed, sesamum, safflower seed and niger seed
Raw cotton
Raw jute
Copra
De-husked coconut
Sugarcane (Fair and remunerative price)
Virginia flu cured (VFC) tobacco

The Food Corporation of India (FCI), the nodal central agency of the Government of India, along with other State Agencies undertakes procurement of crops.

Is MSP legal?

While Centre has been providing the MSP to the wheat and paddy farmers since mid-60s to tide over the food crisis, the fact remains that the MSP doesn’t have any legal stature.

Procurement

The procurement at MSP is being done by Central and State Agencies under various schemes of Government.
Procurement centres are opened by respective State Government Agencies and Central Nodal Agencies like NAFED, FCI etc.
This is done after taking into account the production, marketable surplus, convenience of farmers

Pros of MSP

One price policy. Assured pay. Directly influences farmer’s pocket. (Prices for all crops from 2009 to 2018.)
Considers various factors when fixing the price, does not leave the farmer at the mercy of the market.
Procurement for PDS and Buffer stock for food security come from this planning.
Has a heavy influence on market prices. Also helps the farmer grow and match up with the other sectors in terms of income.

Cons of MSP & What can be done better:

Hiking MSP without investing in infrastructure is just a short-term play. While it does deliver immediate results, long-term developments to back-it up are also important.
MSP covers numerous costs. Like cost of sowing (A2), labour (FL), etc. These considerations are controversial with suggestions that it should be based on comprehensive costs (C2), which includes the land rent costs.
Too much of an hike on MSP, either paves way for inflationary effects on the economy, with rise in prices of foodgrains and vegetables, or loss to government treasury if it decides to sell at lower price as compared to the higher MSP it bought at.
MSP is a nationwide single price policy. But the actual costing for production varies from place to place, more severely so in areas with lack of irrigation facilities and infrastructure. Thus, not all farmers have equal benefits.
Market prices should ideally never be below MSP. If they fall below, in concept the farmer can always sell it to the government, which will then resell it or store as buffer. But practically this does not always happen.
Market value in many cases does fall below MSP due to lack of infrastructure and procurement apparatus on government’s behalf.
MSP is notified for 23 crops but effectively ensured only for two-three crops.

Thus, MSP while still being significant is not the only go to solution for solving all the woes for farmers.

Way Ahead

Direct Income Transfers

Public procurement needs to continue for staple cereals, but farmers of non-staple food crops need to be provided with direct income transfers. These are fiscally prudent, obviate the need for physical procurement and storage by the government, do not distort current production, and also provide a basic income to farmers. These will also address the main concern over the recent farm laws related to the vulnerability of small and marginal farmers and may help these farmers to avoid distress sales.

Swaminathan Commission recommendation

Swaminathan Commission prescribed MSP 50 per cent above C2.

Deficiency Price Payment

The Govt. can also go for the alternative of ‘deficiency price payment’without requiring the government to purchase undesirable quantities and undesirable commodities.
Deficiency price payment must be part of the difference between the actual price received by farmers and the MSP.
Example:The Madhya Pradesh government has launched a ‘Price Deficiency Payment’ schemes for the farmers called ‘Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana’ (BBY) in 2017.

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/msp-will-be-justified-through-price-deficiency-payment-ramesh-chand/article65608528.ece