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Report on Trends and Progress of Banking in India 2021-22

28th December, 2022

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Context

  • Recently, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the Report on Trends and Progress of Banking in India 2021-22.

Findings

  • There is an ongoing highly uncertain global environment caused by globalisation of inflation, energy and food shortages, and synchronised tightening of monetary policy worldwide. But amid all these the Indian economy is exhibiting signs of a gradual strengthening of the growth momentum, drawing from macroeconomic fundamentals.

Macroeconomic Fundamentals

Macroeconomic fundamentals are topics that affect an economy at-large, including statistics regarding unemployment, supply and demand, growth, and inflation, as well as considerations for monetary or fiscal policy and international trade.

  • The consolidated balance sheets of scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) in India registered double-digit growth in 2021-22 after a gap of seven years. This is led by credit growth, which accelerated to a ten-year high in the first half of this financial year ending March 2023.
  • During 2021-22, as credit growth picked up and deposit growth moderated, the incremental credit-deposit (C-D) ratio reached a four-year high.

Incremental CD ratio (ICDR)

Incremental CD ratio (ICDR) – is the ratio of change in credit year–on–year to the change in deposit year–on–year. It is the portion of deposits that the banks use to extend loans. The ratio is an indication of the bank's dependence on borrowed funds to fund its credit growth. If the incremental CD ratio increases beyond 100% then the credit growth is outstripping growth in deposit. A loan-to-deposit ratio of 100% means a bank loaned one dollar to customers for every dollar received in deposits it received. It also means a bank will not have significant reserves available for expected or unexpected contingencies.

In a nutshell, if CDR is to low: banks may not be earning as much as they should and it also indicates that banks are not mobilizing their resources fully. If the ratio is too high: it means that banks might not have enough liquidity to cover any unforeseen fund requirements, which may cause an asset-liability mismatch.

Typically, the ideal loan-to-deposit ratio is 80% to 90%.

  • The capital-to-risk weighted assets ratio (CRAR) of SCBs strengthened from 16.3% at end-March 2021 to 16.8% at end-March 2022, with all banks meeting the regulatory minimum capital requirement of 11.5% as also the common equity tier-1 (CET-1) ratio requirement of 8%.

Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)

Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is also known as Capital to Risk (Weighted) Assets Ratio (CRAR), is the ratio of a bank's capital to its riskNational regulators track a bank's CAR to ensure that it can absorb a reasonable amount of loss and complies with statutory Capital requirements.

Description: It is measured as

Capital Adequacy Ratio = (Tier I + Tier II + Tier III (Capital funds)) /Risk weighted assets

The risk weighted assets take into account credit risk, market risk and operational risk.

Tier 1 capital is the primary funding source of the bank. Tier 1 capital consists of shareholders' equity and retained earnings.

Tier 1 capital represents the core equity assets of a bank or financial institution. It is largely composed of disclosed reserves (also known as retained earnings) and common stock. 

The term tier 2 capital refers to one of the components of a bank's required reserves. Tier 2 is designated as the second or supplementary layer of a bank's capital. Tier 2 capital includes revaluation reserves, hybrid capital instruments and subordinated term debt, general loan-loss reserves, and undisclosed reserves.

Tier 3 capital is tertiary capital, which many banks hold to support their market risk, commodities risk, and foreign currency risk, derived from trading activities. Tier 3 capital includes a greater variety of debt than tier 1 and tier 2 capital but is of a much lower quality than either of the two.

The Basel III norms stipulated a capital to risk weighted assets of 8%. However, as per RBI norms, Indian scheduled commercial banks are required to maintain a CAR of 9% while Indian public sector banks are emphasized to maintain a CAR of 12%.

 

  • The asset quality and profitability of SCBs have improved, while low slippages and high capital buffers were reinforcing investor confidence in banks, RBI highlighted in the report.
  • The gross non-performing assets (GNPA) ratio of SCBs has been declining sequentially from its peak in 2017-18 to reach 5.8% at end-March 2022, led by lower slippages as well as reduction in outstanding GNPAs.

Read about NPA:  https://www.iasgyan.in/daily-current-affairs/non-performing-assets#:~:text=NPA%20or%20Non%20Performing%20Assets,Non%20Performing%20Assets%20or%20NPA

  • An acceleration in income and contraction in expenditure boosted the profitability of SCBs in FY22, measured in terms of return on equity and return on assets.
  • The financial performance of urban co-operative banks (UCBs) showed improvement in 2021-22, characterised by augmented capital buffers, a decline in the GNPA ratio and improved profitability indicators.
  • Non-banking financial company (NBFC) sector improved in 2021-22. With strong capital buffers, adequate provisions, and sufficient liquidity, NBFCs are poised for expansion. 

Read all about NBFC: https://www.iasgyan.in/blogs/nbfcs-and-its-types

https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/rbi-report-shows-credit-growth-surges-psbs-h1-fy23-balance-sheet-to-10-year-high/article66311092.ece